Although Hull believed in the importance of environmental reinforcements for learning, he. The concept of "basic anxiety" was formed by which theorist? Adler's rejection of sexuality as the prime motivator. or "Her personality is perfect for this job! Research has shown that, in general, physically attractive people are assumed to be. Joyce's explanatory style is. The discipline seeks to understand a person's major psychological patterns and how those patterns are expressed in an individual's life. Theories that have to do with how people learn about themselves and others through interactions with other people, Erikson’s theory differed from Freud’s theory in that, Erikson’s theory extended development through adulthood, Erikson’s stage of Trust vs. Mistrust is best described as…, The first stage, in which a baby learns to either trust or mistrust that his/her needs will be taken care of. Without a personality all people would be the same, thats no fun! Which of the following is NOT one of the big five traits? Which of the following is NOT one of the Big Five? peers are more important influences on children than parents are. How is prenatal androgen exposure related to differences in later behavior? Personality is such a complex concept that there really is no one specific definition within the field of psychology. Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. The following five categories are some of the most fundamental philosophical assumptions on which theorists disagree: 1. Depending on your specific diagnosis, your doctor might recommend psychotherapy, skills training, medication, or a combination of all three. Understanding personality allows psychologists to predict how people will respond to certain situations and the sorts of things they prefer and value. The concept of "masculine protest" describes. Which of the following approaches would be most likely to predict that as societies give more equal rights and opportunities to women, personality differences between men and women would become smaller? impressive similarities in personality between people who have the same genetic makeup. Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behavior, according to the American Psychological Association. Experimental designs have the ability to show cause and effect relationships, "Hysteria," common in the 1800s, most often exhibited itself through the following symptom(s). How does the case of Angelman syndrome demonstrate a genetic influence on personality? {"cdnAssetsUrl":"","site_dot_caption":"Cram.com","premium_user":false,"premium_set":false,"payreferer":"clone_set","payreferer_set_title":"PSYC 4331 Psychology: Personality","payreferer_url":"\/flashcards\/copy\/psyc-4331-psychology-personality-4792542","isGuest":true,"ga_id":"UA-272909-1","facebook":{"clientId":"363499237066029","version":"v2.9","language":"en_US"}}. A person who is highly in extroversion might be sociable, but not necessarily assertive. Next he goes with the client to the first floor of a tall building, all the while encouraging and reassuring. ", If a theory is classified as "falsifiable," this means that the theory. Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. everyone is born as a "blank slate" upon which personality is stamped by life experiences. This was a possibility that shook the foundation of personality psychology in the late 1960s when Walter Mischel published a book called Personality and Assessment (1968). To study and measure personality, psychologists have developed personality tests, assessments, and inventories. Very few of the perspectives are still regarded as useful. People may either have a positive or negative personality. Children who saw aggressive behavior by adults were more aggressive themselves. Which term describes "evaluating others from one's own cultural point of view"? Which of the following (underlined) thoughts/experiences might be found in the "personal unconscious"? Who, in his therapy, often played the role of "therapist qua parent" in an attempt to help patients develop a healthy self-concept and overcome their narcissism? Since 1994 he has been a professor at Columbia University.Bandura's proposal and Mischel's Theory of Personality were very similar. Angela has an exam to study for later this week, but has opted not to think about it until after Wednesday; Matt had a fight with his girlfriend yesterday, but when surfing he puts it out of his mind; Paige does not think about her grocery list while she is doing a math problem. His owner always feeds him dog food from a can, which the owner opens using an electric can-opener. Suzy doesn't understand the complexities of weather because, in her culture, words for describing weather are broad and general, rather than specific. According to Freudian theory, how might dreams be similar to icebergs? For example, you might be high in extroversion, conscientiousness, and agreeableness, but somewhere in the middle for openness and neuroticism. allows limitations of any single method to be minimized. 2.How and why do individuals behave the way they do? needs to be developed over time with humility and discipline. Perception is to some degree dependent on the meaning an individual attaches to stimuli. Maslow discussed sex as a(n) __________ and respect from others as a(n) __________. At each stage, libidinal energy (the force that drives all human behaviors) becomes focused on specific erogenous zones. • Question 1 0.25 out of 0.25 points How might personality psychology best be defined? What exactly is personality? In an experiment, a ___ group is a comparison group that does not receive the treatment administered to the ___ group. Each day he falls further and further behind the rest of the class as the problems get harder. Existentialists are nondeterministic; people are not cogs in some vast machine. It seems that small-group interactions can be categorized into which two broad dimensions? According to Allport, what is the method by which personality should be studied? Please select the correct language below. Working with a mental health professional, you can learn to recognize the difficulties that these disorders can cause and explore new coping strategies. Cram has partnered with the National Tutoring Association. Does this mean our personality is inherited? It is OK to feel frightened and concerned about what the future might hold but remember that you do not have to face it alone. Language influences all but which of the following? For Sullivan, it is most important to examine. ", Rudy has unconscious urges to take things that are not his. From eccentric and introverted to boisterous and bold, the human personality is a complex and colorful thing. When you look up the meaning of the word personality in layman's terms, you may find something like ‘that what characterizes a person’. Which of the following is NOT one of Gardner's multiple intelligences? Other assessments might measure how specific aspects of personality change over the course of development. This is because. Defenses are down and the unconscious slips out. An experiment in which a dog was conditioned to salivate at the signal that food was coming, before the food was presented. She found it very strange that there was so much napping going on in the afternoon and that people seemed to get things done so slowly. He works as a security guard at the mall and is very good at his job because he is very suspicious of others—he sees evidence of thieves all around him. When presented with information we strive to ignore things that we have not experienced before. It is a movement that is primarily concerned with positive aspects of humans (such as creativity and hope) and less oriented toward negative aspects (such as hate and aggression). How is negative reinforcement different from positive reinforcement? the idea that people are subject to the laws of nature, like other animals. unconditioned stimulus; conditioned stimulus, In the following scenario, what is the conditioned stimulus? He has never actually stolen anything, however. unhealthy urges are transformed into socially acceptable behaviors. Her experience winning on that one occasion is an example of, One thing that learning theories have in common with Freud's approach is that they, Learning theorists would treat drug addiction by. psychoactive drugs, environmental toxins (such as mercury poisoning), organic diseases (such as Alzheimer's), and genetic disorders (such as Angelman Syndrome). a combination of current goals and a few salient environmental features. A woman who grew up being constantly ridiculed for her fashion choices now tells all her friends what to wear, what the latest fashion styles are and how they should present themselves. In fact, almost every time he sees an unfamiliar face, he believes the individual to be dishonest and looking for something to snatch. Which of the following arguments points to non-genetic factors in the incidence of schizophrenia? Which of the following was NOT one of Horney's proposed styles of adapting to the world? How do we adopt the personality traits that make us like all other people, like some other people, and like no other people? Which of the following is a major weakness of Maslow's perspective? ", When a conditioned response occurs in response to a stimulus that is similar to the conditioned stimulus, this is called, When an individual is able to discern that a given stimulus is NOT the conditioned stimulus, and therefore does not perform the conditioned response, this is called, From the behaviorist perspective, the term "extinction" refers to. The researcher credited with applying behaviorist principles to elicit fear in a young child, "little Albert," was, When Jones extinguished Peter's fear of the rabbit by gradually bringing it closer and closer while keeping Peter happy and relaxed, he demonstrated. Personality has been studied for over 2000 years, beginning with Hippocrates in 370 BCE and spanning through modern theories such as the psychodynamic perspective and trait theory. According to sources I have researched, Bandura indeed drew insipiration from other psychological sources, such as behaviorist learning, as well as cognitive learning. This type of analysis is called. Lorenz found that during a critical period, ducklings will __________ on their mother (or whoever is available). According to research by Whiting & Whiting, children who grow up in a cooperative home environment tend to be more __________ as adults than those raised in a competitive, "me first" atmosphere. First, theory: A theory is a model of reality that helps us to understand, explain, predict, and control that reality. Personality can also refer to the ingrained patterns of thoughts, behaviors and motivators that develop throughout their life … The aim of personality psychology is to find out why people differ from each … In general, personality is a unique set of characteristics within a person that work to influence their beliefs, motivations, emotions, behaviors and even their environment. we don't see people in a wide variety of situations, so we assume they ARE the way we usually see them. In Horney’s view, a person who adapts to the world by being compliant has adopted which style of adaptation? What is it that makes you who you are? Which of the following statements best describes the main idea behind Harry Stack Sullivan's approach to personality? When someone says, 'He has a nice personality,' or 'She has no personality,' what do they mean? Two key elements are important information to the theories. culture and social groups, traits and motives, age and life events, and abilities and drives. Of the following reinforcement schedules, which is most effective in terms of creating a behavior that is resistant to extinction? Americans' material wealth and moral decline. According to your textbook, in the debate between B. F. Skinner and Rollo May, who was proved right? The study of personality focuses on individual differences in particular personality characteristics and how the parts of a person come together as a whole. Males and females both find masculine qualities more desirable than feminine qualities, Baby boys tend to cry more than baby girls, In the age range of 15–24, males and females have very different death rates, and Females tend to live longer than males. Personality psychology is one of the largest and most popular branches of psychology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Every opinion she has on fashion is right and she is quick to defend herself and her arguments. Science says that birth order can affect your personality and that only, first, middle and last children often have similar traits. Psychodynamic theories, descended from the work of Sigmund Freud, emphasize the importance of unconscious mental forces. Eysenck's model of temperament relies heavily on which biological system of the body? A person who ranks high in introversion might be quiet, but not necessarily reticent. Jen lives in a society where individuals see themselves as all working on a common "team." Which of the following is true of the interactionist approach to behavior differences in males and females? According to Eysenck's theory, an extrovert, if exposed to annoying external stimuli, would. You have probably encountered a selection of personality tests online (for example, an online quiz that tells you whether you are extroverted or introverted). Which of the following instances shows support for Fromm's idea of existential alienation? Early Philosophical Roots. Ever wonder what your personality type means? Psychology has traditionally defined personality through its behavioral patterns, and more recently with neuroscientific studies of the brain. occupational tasks, love tasks, societal tasks. Which of the following is NOT a traditionally masculine characteristic? observed behavior results from a mix of situational and dispositional causes. The behaviorist movement rejected what practice of psychology? According to Rotter, which of the following affect behavior? Other assessments can be used to help people learn more about different aspects of their personalities. the mechanisms we use to process information. struggles to understand how and to what extent unconscious forces play a role in human behavior. Failure at any stage can lead to fixations that can impact someone's adult personality. extroversion, neuroticism, openness, conscientiousness, and agreeableness. important issues are defined by each person in the context of the total range of things the person experiences. Lewin's "field theory" focused on the separateness vs. overlapping nature of aspects of a person's life, which he called __________. Which of the following does NOT influence an individual's ability to delay gratification? Which of the following could NOT be completed by a participant's mother as an other-report assessment? Neuroticism, one of the Big 5 personality traits, is typically defined as a tendency toward anxiety, depression, self-doubt, and other negative feelings. She has been married for 15 years to an outgoing and kind man. The ego-protective defense mechanism in which traumatic events are forgotten is called, A current controversy that is relevant to the idea of repression deals with. He will be finishing his degree in history next year, but lately he's been wondering whether he really wants to be an historian (and he feels silly that he's wasted so much valuable time on something that he might not even want to do for the rest of his life). Her mother reports that she's not a lot of trouble, however, as she spends most of her time playing quietly by herself or watching TV; in fact her mother often has to encourage her to play with the other children in her day-care group. Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. It is what makes the world diverse! Grandma calls all the girls to the kitchen after Thanksgiving dinner, to wash the dishes. The Oedipal complex occurs during the __________ stage. people actively endeavor to make sense of their worlds. People who speak two languages usually relate certain things to each language and act accordingly depending on the language they are speaking or the situation they are in. Neo-analytic approaches to personality psychology build on, In childhood, Jung's ability to take the perspective of a rock. Learn more about personality: The Big Five Theory of Personality; A List of Personality Traits individuals believe that they are unable to control of what happens to them. If a researcher is interested in determining the degree of association between intelligence and grades in school, then the most appropriate research method to use is, A correlational design can be useful because it helps to determine. we encounter objects not even remotely similar to what we've experienced before. As you might have already realized, exceptions are possible. Low reliability shows that there is limited precision in a measure, Without good reliability it is impossible to know if a measure is validly measuring what it is supposed to be measuring, and Low reliability would make it impossible to track changes and draw inferences. The aspects of the environment that children raised in the same home experience differently. some structural differences have been found when comparing the brains of homosexual with heterosexual men. Which of the following might link biology to personality? Various thinkers, social psychologists, and others have defined personality in various ways. Erikson was more interested in how social interactions influenced the development of personality. She says that her success is due to her ability to envision the "big picture" and to create beautiful rooms without becoming too focused on small particulars with in the room. Psychologists also assess, diagnose, and treat personality disorders that ca… Personality psychology is the study of human personality and how it varies among individuals and populations. Suppose that you have given a personality test to samples of individuals from two different cultural groups. Personality refers to a person's distinctive patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving. including an assurance that the scores will be kept confidential, The use of multiple methods to assess an individual's personality. The _____ operates under the “pleasure principle,” while the _____ operates under “the reality principle. If we ask everyone in the class to describe the personalities of everyone else they know in the class, and then use these data to form a theory about the personality of college students, we are using, When personality psychology uses the term "ego forces," this refers to, A correlation coefficient is a mathematical index of, the degree of agreement (or association) between two measures AND the degree to which values on one measure predict values on the other, A high, negative correlation between sleep deprivation and anxiety would indicate that. What is the difference between an emic approach and an etic approach to studying cultures? The conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus. Which of the following is NOT one of Jung's proposed functions of the mind? Mischel based his argument that personality is not a useful construct on the fact that, people's behaviors vary across situations, a study in which people are observed and studied over significant portions of their life spans. B. ways in which people are similar to animals. The first time Jeannie went to Las Vegas she won $1,000 playing slot machines. Personality embraces moods, attitudes, and opinions and is most clearly expressed in interactions with other people. Of the following, which make up Eysenck's "big three"? Stereotypes and prejudice are examples of the useful process of __________ becoming harmful. The study of personality focuses on individual differences in particular personality characteristics and how the parts of a person come together as a whole. Traits are defined by all of our characteristics, whether common or unusual. In the modem world and psychology, it has come to indicate the sum total of an individual’s characteristics and qualities. in Broverman's 1972 study of perceptions of men and women, it was found that, both men and women perceived masculine characteristics to be more desirable than feminine characteristics. E) Scientific study of what it means to be a person What is a major limitation of correlational studies? cried at the sight of a rat, showed fear of other furry objects like a rabbit and a fur coat, generalized his fear of the rat to similar objects, and demonstrated an emotional reaction to a formerly neutral/positive stimulus (the rat). Which of the following statements best describes a social desirability response set? CLICK HERE TO CHECK LATEST PRICE […] To get a … According to Adler what has this woman developed? the more sleep deprived a person is, the less likely he/she is to be anxious. Personality psychology is the study of the development of personality and individualistic traits. motivational forces influencing individuals' health behaviors. an individual's characteristic emotional and motivational nature. If an assessment is not related to what it should not be related to, this is, Demographics include variables such as ___ and are useful in helping us to understand, When a person is given a stack of cards naming various characteristics and asked to sort them into piles on a dimension such as "least characteristic" to "most characteristic" of oneself, this is termed a, The promising technique that can show brain activity by recording the brain's use of radioactive glucose is called, Which personality perspective is most closely associated with the use of projective testing approach, An important difference between projective techniques and self-report measures is their reliance on, the willingness of the examinee to disclose personal information overtly and the interpretation skills of the examiner, An "acquiescence response set" refers to the tendency of people filling out questionnaires to. The American Paradox refers to the discrepancy between. While Freud's theory suggested that personality is primarily formed and set in stone at an early age, Erikson believed that personality continued to develop throughout life. In the field of personality psychology, some psychologists focus on what they refer to as micro-level traits, while others take a broader view by categorizing people as types. neuroticism, extroversion, and psychoticism, Individuals who are open to experience tend to be, The founder of a motive-based study of personality was, According to Murray, a person's "Basic Needs" include. the male element of a woman; the female element of a man, Little Evelyn was caught stealing by her mother. She is most likely living in a(n) __________ society. expressive style is often strongly influenced by cultural and social norms. can be traced back to the ancient Greeks, at least. (Equivalent to UK A Level Physical Education). Personality encompasses all of the thoughts, behavior patterns, and social attitudes that impact how we view ourselves and what we believe about others and the world around us. Which of the following is NOT a likely explanation for this difference: Different functioning of the tear ducts in males versus females. She didn't confront her boss; instead, when she got home, she yelled at her children and spanked her youngest child for a minor wrongdoing. You have created 2 folders. Personality psychology asks the question: Which of the following are accurate ways of assessing personality? Why did Freud assert that "anatomy is destiny"? Reasoning from data obtained by observation to theory. also believed that the internal state of the organism was important. Personality can be defined in a number of ways, for example: The sum of an individual’s characteristics which make them unique One of these definitions, by the American psychologists Randy Larsen and David Buss1, goes something like: “personality is a Which of the following are among the social issues Adler believed everyone had to address? People low in __________ see the world in more absolute and simple terms.
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